How does ATP yield from glucose oxidation differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, considering cytosolic NADH shuttles?

• A. In prokaryotes, glycolysis-generated NADH can feed the ETC directly, with variable ATP yield; in eukaryotes, cytosolic NADH must be shuttled; malate–aspartate shuttle yields about 2.5 ATP per NADH, glycerol-3-phosphate yields about 1.5 ATP per NADH; total roughly 30–32 ATP depending on shuttle.
• B. In prokaryotes, glycolysis-generated NADH must be oxidized by mitochondria; in eukaryotes, NADH feeds ETC directly; both yield exactly 30 ATP.
• C. There is no difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in ATP yield from glucose oxidation.
• D. Eukaryotes have higher ATP yield than prokaryotes due to uncoupling proteins.

Answer: (A)